Tag: Broadcasters

  • What can industry learn from Kushal Punjabi’s suicide?

    What can industry learn from Kushal Punjabi’s suicide?

    MUMBAI: When Yama comes knocking, no one can hold back his embrace. But most of us hope that it is not our door he is choosing to knock.

    Actor Kushal Punjabi’s decision to open his door and rush into Yama’s arms came as a shocker to many.  Including us. A relatively senior actor at 42, Kushal chose to hang himself in his Bandra west, alone, close to midnight, just a day after Christmas.

    He had been a part of many of our functions, including indiantelevision.com’s The Indian Telly Awards and we had spoken and written about him on numerous occasions on Tellychakkar.com. Kushal was normally reticent, reserved, shy to an extent in public places, but he opened up amongst friends. And more so when he came on stage to dance, he set the stage alive with his sharp moves.

    Kushal’s physical fitness was above par.  A sports fanatic, he played football, took part in athletics and swimming in school and college and even after that when he evolved into a fine, sensitive actor who did both films and TV.  His muscular, toned and sinewy physique clearly marked him out from amongst many of his peers.

    A flat close to the posh Pali Hill Area in Bandra. A foreign wife and a kid all of three years, who he doted upon.  It looked like he had everything going for him?

    Then what triggered him to take the step of ending his life? Co-actor Chetan Hansraj says he was low a few days before his death, as his wife and he were separated and he was not keeping well.  And he never imagined that he would take the extreme step. A suicide note clearly blamed no one.

    But his is not the first case of actors who cut short their life on earth. Pratyusha Banerjee is the most famous case. Nafisa Joseph,  Viveka Babajee, Kuljeet Randhwa are some of the more famous ones who committed suicide while being a part of the Indian TV world. There are others too who went the same way: Bengali TV actor Disha Ganguly, Payel Chakraborty, Moumita Saha, and Telugu TV anchor  Nirosha are some of the names who come to mind.

    Most of them were young like Punjabi, some even younger. It clearly points to the malaise in the TV and celebrity industry – that it is a lonely journey most make. Today, you are wanted, tomorrow you are not. And the pressure to perform is intense, so intense – that only the tough can see it through.

    For the small towners, the glamour, the fame is exciting and hence they plunge deep into tinsel town. Getting the big break is excruciating requiring numerous visits to productions houses for auditions, and casting directors. Some audition rejections are heart wrenching. However, once they are past that and they get known, the roles trickle in for some, for others, they come in a smooth flow. For a relative few, it is stardom, beyond or  just like they imagined. But once they get known, keeping up with their peers in lifestyle, in terms of performance, brings with it added pressure. Then come the friendships, relationships and the inability to cope with their demands because of the filming schedules. This puts further pressure. Some cope; some don’t and drop out. Others stick on and suffer the highs and the lows. And a select few go the way of ending their lifes when they can’t cope.

    Industry needs to understand this. Broadcasters, producers and the actor associations. The Cine & TV Artistes Association does have resources in house to help members cope with their psychological needs. But is it enough? What more can be done? Can regular workshops to help actors address their emotional traumas be organised? And these workshops should be in good venues so that even the better off actors can attend and take part in them.

    Can the financial corpus they have to assist actors  in dire need be enlarged? Can donations be attracted to from production houses and the broadcasters and from corporate India?   Can peer groups addressed periodically by psychologists be set up within each TV show set to understand each actor’s pressures and help them address these?

    The warning bells are ringing. Too many in TV industry have died young. Will we wait for more?

  • All India Digital Cable Federation welcomes festive promotion by broadcasters

    All India Digital Cable Federation welcomes festive promotion by broadcasters

    MUMBAI: While All India Digital Cable Federation (AIDCF) in association with its LCO operator partners always strives to deliver better services to consumers, the federation has welcomed festive promotion by broadcasters offering a discount on select a-la carte channels. AIDCF hopes that such promotional schemes from broadcasters will continue.

    “We from AIDCF commit that we will ensure all such benefits are passed to the consumers. We also hope that new consumer offers will come which will help in boosting consumption,” the federation said in a release.

    Already, voluntarily AIDCF has announced its members will include 150 SD channels instead of 100 SD channels for those subscribers who renew on or before the due date. The decision by AIDCF members resulted in savings of Rs 40 in NCF charges for cable TV customers. AIDCF is looking forward to similar consumer-friendly steps from its broadcaster partners.

    “We thank TRAI for the relentless pursuit to empower TV consumers and give consumers power of choice. To follow the spirit of NTO, cable operators enabled true customer choice by providing each customer choice to select any combination. Today, millions of unique plans are provided by cable operators despite all technical challenges. This is true consumer choice and level of customization is unmatched by any industry in India” AIDCF president SN Sharma said in a press conference.

    AIDCF thanked its LCO partners for continuing to service customers for past 25 years. The federation also pointed out that the operator partners have always upheld the consumer service and successfully seen so many transitions- right from the analogue era to digitization to post NTO world today and they intend to keep this partnership going strong for future. AIDCF also noted that LCO community has been working very hard in helping implement the new NTO and enabling the consumer to choose channels as per her wish.

    All members of AIDCF are pushing all boundaries and plan to announce new packages at attractive price points to offer superior value to subscribers. A few months experience with customer choice data post-NTO have enabled the MSO to create newer packages servicing customer specific needs in a better way by evolving packages.

  • Broadcasters address DRM, CAS hacking, fingerprinting concerns in TRAI’s draft addressable system regulations

    Broadcasters address DRM, CAS hacking, fingerprinting concerns in TRAI’s draft addressable system regulations

    MUMBAI: Broadcasters have shared their suggestions on TRAI’s draft “The Telecommunication (Broadcasting And Cable) Services Interconnection (Addressable Systems) (Amendment) Regulations, 2019. The industry welcomed TRAI’s decision to regulate Digital Rights Management Systems (DRM) and include it in Schedule III of the regulations. However, it has also suggested that the authority should add anti-piracy safety prerequisites and other technical features in DRM technology before providing signals to any distribution platform.

    Star India recommended TRAI that the distributor of television channels should ensure that the current version of the DRM in use, do not have any history of hacking. In the event that hacking of the DRM system is detected, such as, but not limited to cloning of STBs and/or VCs, the DRM vendor to be served a show cause notice as to why it should not be blacklisted with immediate effect. In the event of continued default beyond 7 days, the DPO shall be liable to pay 150 per cent of the preceding month’s billed amount.

    It further said, “The DPO should maintain DRM and SMS downtime records along with MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) and MTTR (Mean Time To Restore) validated by CAS and SMS vendors.”

    Even Discovery suggested 21 prerequisites to be included in the amended regulations. It also said, “TRAI had undertaken a consultation process to prepare the audit manual wherein Discovery had submitted its comments / suggestion to the same. Some of the concerns raised by Discovery related to the efficient and seamless utilisation of an addressable system, and essential for an effective audit process. However, these have neither been discussed nor considered by TRAI. It would have been desirable in the interest of transparency, for TRAI to deal with these concerns of Discovery while bringing out the Draft Amendment.”

    The draft stated that the distributor of television channels should ensure that the current version of the CAS, in use, does not have any history of hacking. In addition to it, Indian Broadcasting Foundation (IBF) has suggested, “In the event hacking of the CAS system is detected, then the same should be intimated by CAS vendor to DPO and TRAI, and in-turn by DPO to all relevant broadcasters for impact assessment as well as remedial action with a copy to TRAI. Instance of hacking shall include but not limited to cloning of STBs and/or VCs.”

    TRAI also stated in its draft that the distributor of television channels shall ensure that it has systems, processes and controls in place to run finger printing at regular intervals.  Sharing its suggestion on fingerprinting, Discovery said, “We strongly feel that covert fingerprint is a vital tool to detect piracy on the ground. In absence of this tool, if by any chance finger printing is disabled or blocked by the entity involved in piracy, covert finger printing technology will be useful to detect the card number used by such entity for carrying on piracy, so that broadcasters can switch off the signals immediately. This is especially helpful during sports events or any live feed as during such events the level of piracy increases. Therefore, we strongly recommend enforcement of covert technologies.”

    Further it also recommended that TRAI should come up with a deadline for DPOs to replace their existing technologies/ STBs with covert fingerprinting technology. To curb piracy, the company recommended inclusion of a provision wherein it shall be mandatory for all the DPOs to upgrade the existing STBs with STBs supporting covert fingerprinting within a certain timeline as prescribed by TRAI.

    Sony Pictures Network also suggested, “The watermarking network logo for all pay channels shall be inserted at encoder end only. Provided that only the encoders deployed after coming into effect of these regulations shall support watermarking network logo for all pay channels at the encoder end. Further, provided that all the encoders deployed shall support watermarking network logo for all pay channels at the encoder end by sunset date of 1 July 2020.”

  • TRAI’s new regulation instructs broadcasters & distributors to file RIO

    TRAI’s new regulation instructs broadcasters & distributors to file RIO

    MUMBAI: According to the new regulation by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), broadcasters and distributors of television channels are required to file all the Reference Interconnect Offer (RIO). TRAI has recently issued the Telecommunication (Broadcasting and Cable) Services Register of Interconnection Agreements and all such other matters Regulations, 2019 with an aim to promote transparency and non-discrimination in the Broadcasting sector

    “The primary objective of register of Interconnect regulations is to formulate the contours of a reporting system for the service providers so that they can report details of interconnection agreements including commercial details to the authority. It would enable the authority to maintain register of interconnect as per provisions of TRAI Act. Presently the Register of Interconnect Agreement (Broadcasting and Cable Services) Regulation, 2004 is in force,” said TRAI.

    To simplify the process, avoid duplication of reports, and formulate its view on various issues such as accessibility of information of register, the authority had issued a consultation paper on 'The Register of Interconnection Agreements (Broadcasting and Cable Services) Regulations, 2016' on 23 March 2016.

    Based on the comments received in the consultation process and analysis of the developments in the market pursuant to implementation of the new regulatory framework, draft Telecommunication (Broadcasting and Cable) Services Register of Interconnection Agreements Regulations, 2019 was issued by TRAI on 22 April 2019. Comments received on this draft regulation were posted on TRAI's website. Subsequently, an Open House Discussion (OHD) was also held on 10 June 2019 in Delhi. Based on the comments received and analysis of the developments in the market pursuant to implementation of the new regulatory framework these regulations have been prepared.

    The objective of this regulation is to promote transparency and non-discrimination in the broadcasting sector. As per the new regulation, all the Reference Interconnect Offer (RIO) are required to be filed by every broadcaster and the distributor of television channels. Initially the distributor having average active subscriber base below one lakh have been exempted from the obligation of reporting details of interconnection agreements to promote ease of business and reducing regulatory burden on such MSOs with limited resources. The new regulation envisages online filing in electronic mode. The authority has specified that the new regulations will come in force in 120 days, except as regards submission of information related to compliance officer. The intervening period will enable the service provider to prepare for easy compliance.

    If any broadcaster or distributor fails to furnish the information or certificate or fails to verify the reported information, as required under regulation 3, by the due date, it shall, without prejudice to the terms and conditions of its license/permission/registration, or the act or rules or regulations or order made or direction issued thereunder, be liable to pay, by way of financial disincentive, an amount of rupees one thousand per day for default up to thirty days beyond the due date and an additional amount of rupees two thousand per day in case the default continues beyond thirty days from the due date, as the authority may, by order, direct.

    Provided that the financial disincentive levied by the authority under this sub regulation shall in no case exceed Rs 2 lakh.

  • KYC imperative to curb smuggling of DTH STBs outside India: IBF

    KYC imperative to curb smuggling of DTH STBs outside India: IBF

    MUMBAI: Indian Broadcasting Foundation (IBF) has shared its view on the consultation paper by TRAI on ‘KYC of DTH Set Top Boxes’. The association is of view that there is an absolute and an imminent need for introduction and proper enforcement of meaningful KYC or e-KYC stipulations of DTH STBs.

    The association believes that the step is necessary to curb smuggling of DTH STBs outside India and to bring in some level of threshold checks to counter the menace of piracy.

    “It is submitted that DTH STBs get rampantly smuggled to territories outside of India where they get used for illegal and unauthorised reception and/or retransmission of signals of channels. Due to such piracy, broadcasters face huge / irreparable revenue losses. Hence, there is a need for mandating KYC or e-KYC for DTH STBs to avoid smuggling of STBs overseas,” said IBF in its comments to TRAI.

    The association further informed, “DTH platforms in India are permitted to have subscribers only within the territory of India however, numerous unauthorised STBs of Indian DTH operators are reported to be active and functioning beyond the Indian territory due to the satellite footprints overspill. (For example – signals of DTH operators intended for Indian audience are also available in Middle-East, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Maldives, Nepal, Myanmar etc.).”

    “In case DTH STBs are found to be in use at a location other than the one specified at the time of installation, then KYC or e-KYC will enable the applicable DTH platform operator to directly approach the customer to investigate why and how such DTH STB was shifted / moved to the unauthorised premises / location. This will also quicken the process of nabbing the perpetrator in case of misuse of DTH STBs,” IBF suggested.

    The association also suggested that that initially the KYC or e-KYC should be completed at the time of installation. Post initial verification, random verification can be done on a periodic basis to ensure that STB is not moved from its installation address. Periodicity of such inspection can be at such reasonable intervals as may be decided basis discussion and consultation with relevant stakeholders however, with a gap of at least three months between each visit.

    The association has also supported incorporation of LBS in the existing DTH STBs. It also believes that the same should be mandated for all new STBs of all DPOs to track location and facilitate verification.

    “Keeping in view the growing penetration of DTH STBs and other DPOs, the security of the broadcasters’ content is of paramount importance and this will also help the DPOs to minimise their own revenue loss,” said IBF.

    ABP News, Sony Pictures Network and Times Network also shared their comments on the consultation paper. Agreeing to IBF’s view, all three broadcasters also feel that there is a need for KYC and e-KYC of set top boxes to prevent illegal use of STBs in India.

    Times Network suggested, “The KYC process should be designed in such a way that it is driven by technology and causes minimum disturbance to the users while at the same time achieves its desired purpose. If it is too cumbersome, it may deviate a part of subscriber to other modes like cable etc., where the KYC norms are not applied, thereby affecting the DTH business prospects in India.”

  • Broadcasters raise concern over TRAI consultation paper to review channel pricing

    Broadcasters raise concern over TRAI consultation paper to review channel pricing

    MUMBAI: The recent decision by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) to review the issues of pricing of channels has brought about concern among broadcasters, according to a report by IANS. Broadcasters fear that the new approach, barely eight months into the new tariff regime, will only discourage and disincentivise fresh investment into the sector, which can have dire consequences.

    TRAI had recently released a consultation paper, which noted that broadcasters have been offering discounts of up to 70 per cent for bouquets compared to a la carte rates causing discrepancies for consumers. The consultation paper looks into the issue of pricing of channels by broadcasters, cable operators and distribution platforms.

    The paper primarily discusses issues related to discounts in the formation of the bouquets, ceiling price of channels for inclusion in bouquet, need for formation of bouquet by broadcasters and DPOs, variable NCF and discounts on long term plan.

    However, analysts told IANS that the consultation paper ‘Tariff-related issues for broadcasting and cable services' relating to the new tariff order (NTO), which came into force from February 1, did not take into account that consumers across the world opt for bouquets rather than individual channels as the former are cheaper.

    Analysts and broadcasters have also stressed that broadcasting cannot be counted as an essential service and those who cannot afford premium TV have the affordable options of viewing Doordarshan and FreeDish. Smaller channels and networks may even face an "existential crisis" in case TRAI implements a fresh pricing model.

  • SPNI tells TRAI OTT platforms can’t be compared to broadcasting services

    SPNI tells TRAI OTT platforms can’t be compared to broadcasting services

    MUMBAI: Sony Pictures Networks India (SPNI) has again batted for the policy of forbearance for the fullest potential growth of the OTT industry. The broadcaster has also strongly advocated that OTTs providing content/media cannot be brought within the ambit of substitutability with broadcasting service.

    SPNI is of the view that since OTT distribution platforms are not granted permission/licence by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB), they are not comparable with broadcasters. According to the broadcaster, the licensing/regulatory provision applicable to broadcasters cannot be applied to OTT distribution platforms. It explained that OTT services also do not use spectrum for providing their services but ride on the top of data services provided by licensed telcos unlike broadcasters who require uplink/downlink spectrum for transmission of signals.

    The broadcaster made these suggestions as part of its counter comments to a TRAI consultation paper. It has also disagreed with earlier comments of some of the stakeholders that emergency services should be made mandatorily accessible via OTT content service providers. SPNI has explained that OTT content, except for live content, are consumed at consumer’s discretion not on real time basis. Hence, it has noted that display of such communications over OTT content platforms may not reach the consumers on a real-time basis which would defeat the purpose of making emergency communications available on OTT content platforms.

    Earlier, public broadcaster Prasar Bharati has suggested to the TRAI that certain norms be made mandatory for OTT providers, in order to bring them on a level playing field with TV broadcasters and not just limit their comparison to telecom service providers (TSPs). It also stated that OTT providers should abide by certain rules including one that OTT platforms streaming live TV should mandatorily carry all Doordarshan channels like DTH, MSOs or cable operators do. OTT service providers offering news content should be registered with MIB.

    SPNI has clearly disagreed with this view without taking the name of the stakeholder. It also added that the mode of operation, revenue generation and the nature of offerings of OTT service providers are not comparable with that of broadcasters/TSPs. Hence, the same yardsticks cannot be made applicable to two inherently distinct platforms. However, it noted that on the carriage of Doordarshan channels, those that are unencrypted and FTA may be made available at the option of the OTT service providers.

    “On the recommendation for audience measurement system to be devised for OTTs carrying live television channels by certain stakeholders, the OTT players already have their internal mechanisms in place for audience measurement systems. This apart there are several private players providing audience measurement services. Hence attempting to mandate one only for those OTT players carrying television content will be a fruitless exercise. The way forward would be to unify the broadcast TV measurement system so that it captures,” it added.

    SPNI has also spoken against a claim from one of the stakeholders alleging certain broadcasts on OTT platforms being against national security. It has highlighted that in light of the entire set of regulations governing the OTT platforms coupled with judicial interventions from time to time, there are sufficient checks and balances in place to ensure that content provided on such platforms are not in violation of the law of land.

  • TRAI hands DPOs, broadcasters 2 additional months to implement landing page directive

    TRAI hands DPOs, broadcasters 2 additional months to implement landing page directive

    MUMBAI: The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has extended the deadline for implementation of landing page direction from 31 March to 31 May. As per a release from the authority, the move has been taken following a request from All India Digital Cable Federation (AIDCF).

    Back in last December, the regulatory body directed all broadcasters and distributors to restrain from placing any registered satellite television channel, whose TV rating is released by TV rating agency, on the landing LCN or landing channel or the boot-up screen.

    The reason behind this order, according to TRAI, was to protect the interest of service providers and consumers while ensuring “orderly growth of the sector”.

    TRAI received a representation from AIDCF requesting the authority to extend the implementation for a further period of two months. The latter made the request in view of the appeal against the direction pending TDSAT and its hearing and pronouncement of order may go beyond the 31 March deadline.

    AIDCF also pointed out that the matter being under judicial consideration, any action on the said direction will not only be prejudicial to their right and contentions but also against the principle of natural justice. As the regulatory body of the sector found merit in the request, the deadline has been pushed further.

    Landing channel or landing page or landing logical channel number (LCN) refers to the default LCN that is displayed whenever a STB is switched on. Any TV channel placed on this page is available to all STBs connected to the network of a distributor and is regarded as a prized real estate by DPOs.

    During a consultation process on the issue, many broadcasters had admitted that placing a TV channel on the landing page could influence the audience data or TV rating points (TRPs), while MSOs and other distributors had stated there were no such influence on ratings or if any, they were minimal.

  • Broadcasters support return of RPD in BARC measurement module

    Broadcasters support return of RPD in BARC measurement module

    MUMBAI: Broadcasters have shown unified support towards the need to improve the current audience measurement technique used by the Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC).

    In their responses to the multiple queries that TRAI had put forth in a consultation paper broadcasters—ABP News Network, Sony Pictures Network, and Discovery Communications Indiahave contended that the introduction of Return Path Data (RPD) vide digital set-top boxes (STB) will improve the measurement process. They also noted that raw data should be provided to the broadcasters as it will help them in improving their efficiency.

    Another point raised by the broadcasters is that there should be an increase in the number of sample homes used for collecting data. Discovery Communications India noted, “All STBs should facilitate RPD technology, however, the same can be considered to be done in phases. The additional cost would only be limited to include the requisite software and hardware to support the technology.”

    However, the broadcasters did not propose any change in the stakeholding pattern of BARC. Currently, IBF has 60 per cent shareholding while the ISA and AAAI hold 20 per cent each in BARC. They also declined the need to introduce competition in the viewership measurement domain. Discovery Communications India stated that it would lead to chaos and duplication of data while Sony Pictures Networks said it will lead to skewing of results to the convenience of a few stakeholders.

    Responding to the query if DPOs should be mandated to facilitate the collection of viewership data, broadcasters differed. While ABP News Network denied the possibility completely stating that it might lead to data tampering, Discovery Communications India supported the idea saying, “As the subscriber data is already available with them hence it would make the process time efficient and the process easier in toto.”

    Sony Pictures said, “In order for the data collection process to be fair, neutral and immune from any bias, all interested parties including DPOs should be kept outside of the process. However, if DPOs are mandated to roll out hybrid STBs or RPD technology to capture viewership data for greater reach resulting the data should directly reach BARC or else there could be scope for manipulation as discussed above (DPO to act as a pure pass-through). Hence, stringent technology and security checks should be deployed to ensure that the data is not manipulated.”

    In addition to this, Sony Pictures also asked for the draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2018, proposed by the Justice Srikrishna Committee, to be complied with to ensure the privacy of individual information while data collection for viewership counts.

    TRAI had released the said consultation paper in December last year, seeking responses of the various stakeholders to several pertinent questions related to TV viewership measurement. The consultation was a result of various stakeholder meetings asking to improve the existing BARC mentoring format. The last date to file the responses was extended by a month to 2 February on 28 December 2018.

  • DPOs have to pay broadcasters under new tariff order rules starting February

    DPOs have to pay broadcasters under new tariff order rules starting February

    New Delhi: The Telecom Regulatory Authority prof India (TRAI) notified The Telecommunications (Broadcasting & Cable) Services Interconnection (Addressable Systems) Regulations, 2017, The Telecommunication (Broadcasting and Cable) Services (Eighth) (Addressable Systems) Tariff Order, 2017  and the Telecommunication (Broadcasting and Cable) Services Standards of Quality of Service and Consumer Protection (Addressable Systems) Regulations, 2017 (collectively “New MRP Regime”) and directed all broadcasters and distribution platform operators (“DPOs”) to ensure compliance with the provisions of the New MRP Regime from February 01, 2019.

    Thereafter TRAI issued a letter dated February 04, 2019 to the Indian Broadcasting Foundation (IBF) TRAI categorically stating that all provisions of the New MRP Regime must be enforced from 1st  February, 2019  and directed IBF to inform its member broadcasters to ensure compliance with the New MRP Regime from February 01, 2019. IBF and its members have unequivocally affirmed their support for the smooth implementation of the New MRP Regime.

    By its latest Press Release No. 11/2019 dated 12th February, 2019, TRAI has acknowledged that 65% of cable services subscribers and 35% of DTH subscribers have already migrated to the new MRP Regime. However, since a switch off will cause inconvenience to subscribers, TRAI has extended time upto 31st March, 2019 to those subscribers who have not yet migrated to exercise their choice.  In view of this there may be some confusion amongst DPOs regarding the implementation of the New MRP Regime. Some of our member broadcasters have been receiving calls from some DPOs seeking clarification regarding submission of monthly subscriber reports (MSRs) and billing for the month of February 2019.

    IBF would like to clarify that its member broadcasters have executed the Reference Interconnect Agreements (RIOs) under the New MRP Regime with the DPOs and have implemented the New MRP Regime effective 1st February, 2019 as mandated by TRAI.  Thus all DPOs are statutorily bound to adhere to the provisions of the New MRP Regime.  Accordingly, DPOs are hereby requested to provide their MSRs as mandated under the New MRP Regime in respect of each of their subscribers on the duly notified dates viz., 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th of every month.   Kindly note that from the month of February 2019 onwards our member broadcasters will be raising invoices on DPOs in accordance with the provisions stipulated by TRAI under the New MRP Regime.

    This media release is being issued by IBF on behalf of its member broadcasters for the purpose of clarifying the position in regard to the foregoing.