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Comment: Self-regulation a positive step for OCC platforms, but…

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At a high profile event in Delhi last week, a section of the Indian digital industry, comprising some of the biggest global players and domestic thoroughbreds who now define themselves as online curated content (OCC) platforms, announced a self-regulatory code — distancing itself from user-generated content or UGC platforms.

That the formal launch of the self-regulatory code, signed by nine platforms till now, was preceded by a bit of drama, backroom politics and media leaks involving the content and phrasing of the code — highlighting the proponents and critics of the self-regulatory mechanism — is another tale worthy of another time and place as the devil always lies in the fine print, though a Reuters report did bring out the divergent views. 

The objectives of this OCC Code, drafted by an industry body Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) after consultations with the stakeholders are as follows: 

• Empower consumers to make informed choices on age-appropriate content; 
• Protect the interests of consumers in choosing and accessing the content they want to watch, at their own time and convenience; 
• Safeguard and respect creative freedom of content creators and artists; 
• Nurture creativity, create an ecosystem fostering innovation and abide by an individual’s freedom of speech and expression; and 
• Provide a mechanism for complaints redressal in relation to content made available by respective OCC Providers. 

Though highly laudable and praiseworthy a move, there’s no denying the fact that with curated content getting increasingly edgy in India in an hitherto unregulated environment, the government, nudged by the judiciary, has been actively toying with the idea of setting government-mandated guidelines, a fact that has been officially denied in and out of the parliament. The looming general elections in a few months time has made the government, probably, more circumspect.

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But it would be interesting to analyse the move of the fledgling OCC industry that boasts of several billions of investments in original Indian content by international and domestic players like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Hotstar, Zee5, Voot, Reliance Jio, etc. 

Types of streaming services

The online video industry primarily has two segments:

# Curated video on demand (VoD) applications, which refer to digital applications that provision proprietary content for which application/platform concerned indulge in curating the content made available. 

# UGC platforms/applications refer to those platforms/applications that allow users to upload content and make it available for other users to stream. In this case, the entity owning the application performs no role in curating/editorialising the content made available through its platform.

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# There’s a third category too of streaming services that are a hybrid of curated and UG content.

As the professional video streaming applications exercise editorial control (curation) over the content made available through their platforms, they are liable for such content.

On the other hand, UGC platforms enjoy certain protection within the Indian law framework as they can be classified as “intermediaries” under Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000. They shall not be held liable for the content distributed through their systems if they did not initiate the transmission; select the receiver of transmission and select or modify the information contained in the transmission.

However this provision is not a blanket protection as the platform can in no situation escape the responsibility to act in conformity with law as the same section clearly states “the intermediary observes due diligence while discharging his duties under this act and also observes such other guidelines as the central government may prescribe in this behalf” and “the intermediary has [not] conspired or abetted or aided or induced, whether by threats or promise or otherwise in the commission of the unlawful act”.

The said safe harbour continues to operate only for 36 hours, which means the intermediary has only 36 hours to acknowledge the receipt of complaints from the aggrieved user and a period of 30 days to respond to the same.

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While Section 79 of the IT Act was originally intended to provide time to intermediaries to act in alacrity with the law and get their act in order, however, in practice it has been abused by UGC and social media platforms that have used it as a protective wall to prevent any action against them.

Existence of self-regulatory mechanisms for content industry

Self-regulatory/co-regulatory mechanisms for content regulation have long held field for governance of editorialised or curated in content in India.

The print media has Press Council of India (PCI); the news and current affairs broadcast has News Broadcast Standards Authority (NBSA); non-news broadcast has Broadcast Content Complaints Council (BCCC) under the Indian broadcasting Federation and advertisement sector has Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI).

TV content, generally, is regulated in multiple ways that range from statutory regulation to self-regulation. The content or programmes on these channels are regulated by the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995, which consists of a programme and the advertising codes that all content transmitted or retransmitted on television must adhere to. The programme and the advertising codes are collectively called “codes” and are mentioned in the Cable Television Networks (Rules), 1994.

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The programme code largely regulates the content that should be shown on TV. For example, the programme code prohibits airing any content that may not be suitable for public viewing that may be otherwise prohibited under the Cinematograph Act, 1952. This code also prevents the airing of content that may be in contravention of prevalent policies such as obscenity, communal disharmony, child pornography, etc.

However, to ensure the independence of the media, a self-regulating provision has also been acknowledged by the state. To that end, IBF and NBA’s guidelines for regulating all content on TV across all forms of transmission — cable, terrestrial, DTH, IPTV, etc. — have helped, but have raised some questions too. The self regulatory codes will be applicable on NBA and IBF members who can be penalised by the self-regulatory bodies, but what about the non-members? Not all the 650-odd on-air TV channels out of the 800+ government permitted channels are members of IBF or NBA or both. 

Still, the need and importance of self-regulatory mechanisms in India was observed by the Supreme Court of India in the case of Common Cause vs. Union of India where it affirmed and recognised the self-regulatory mechanism put in place for advertising content by ASCI. 

Case for self-regulation by OCC platforms

As envisioned by the Indian government’s Digital India initiative, access to digital services (government and entertainment services included) is now at the centre of India’s collective rise transcending urban/ rural, income and gender divides. 

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At present the OTT space is being regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), which, as per government rules, is the ministry in charge of making policies in all matters relating to information technology, electronics and internet except licensing of Internet Service Providers. It is also in charge of matters relating to the Information Technology Act, 2000. 

Information Technology Act, 2000 as India’s primary cyber law legislation provides for punishment for new offences such as publishing or transmitting obscene materials, materials containing sexually explicit acts and materials depicting children in sexually explicit acts.

Moreover, intermediaries are subject to the Information Technology (Intermediary guidelines) Rules, 2011, which require intermediaries to publish rules and regulations as well as a privacy policy, and terms and conditions or user agreements that inform users not to use the platform to upload or transmit information that is grossly harmful, harassing, blasphemous, defamatory, obscene, pornographic, paedophilic, libellous, invasive of another's privacy, hateful, or racially, ethnically objectionable, disparaging, relating or encouraging money laundering or gambling.

Well aware of any government’s leanings towards an Orwellian Big Brother-regime, Supreme Court has noted the value and importance of the internet as a medium, and has warned against excessive censorship underlining the importance of keeping the internet open and free. This is notably evidenced by the striking down of Section 66A of the Information Technology Act 2000 in a historic case few years back, which upheld the freedom of speech and expression. The court held that words like ‘offensive’, ‘annoying’, ‘menacing’, ‘insulting’ used in the section as grounds for restriction on speech on the internet were too vague and that this would have a chilling effect on speech on the internet. 

Presently, there is no single regime regulating online content. This makes online content platforms soft targets and vulnerable in the whole scheme of things as they are subject to multiple existing criminal and civil laws. Some media reports some time back highlighted the self-censorship of content being undertaken by some OTT platforms – much before the self-regulatory code were announced and by those platforms that have not yet signed on for the last week’s announced codes. 

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Implementing a framework for self-regulation for curated VoD platforms could work as a guiding principle for OCC platforms and could ensure that the stakeholders regulate their content in a responsible and professional manner, protect users from illegal, infringing and discriminatory content (after all pirated content too cannot be allowed a free run as it results in loss of big time revenue), while being mindful of the need to nurture creativity, foster innovation and abide by the citizens’ freedom of speech and expression, and their right to receive information.

To create an environment of responsibility in the online video space, it is necessary for the VoD industry to appreciate the genuine need of consumers for a safer viewing experience. In the Indian context, the needs of consumers get enhanced due to emphasis on family viewing as multiple-devise or solo viewing is still not a mass phenomenon.

In the Indian scenario, the industry shall have to contend with the diverse socio-cultural and economic strata that exist within our society that bring along a complex set of different sensitivities. 
With such a background, it is important, that the curated VoD industry agrees to a common set of principles, which reflect the following:

# Empowering consumers to make informed choice regarding appropriate content for their families and themselves;

# Protecting interests of consumers in making available content they want to view;

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# Safeguarding the freedom of creative community, while achieving the above two objectives. 

The self-regulatory code for OCC platforms made public by IAMAI does address most of the aforementioned points, but also raises questions like:

# Will the days of edgy domestic and international content for Indian consumers be soon over?

# Will it lead the government to crack the whip via mandated guidelines if such self-regulation fails to rein in the errant ones?

Questions that only the future can answer as we at Indiantelevision.com still haven’t laid our hands on a future-predicting crystal ball.

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However, enlisted below are some self-regulatory regimes from other parts of the globe that seem to be working? These global practices around regulations in curated VoD space indicate that many regulators and governments have refrained from imposing heavy regulatory control to avoid burdening the segment with legacy regulations and allowing it to grow optimally. Importantly, user choice and control have been prioritised over blocking of content to ensure protection of minors. Built in safe guards (like age filters and proper messaging about content type) have helped prevent access to objectionable content on an opt-in basis.
 
Comparative Summary of OTT-Content Regulatory Frameworks

Jurisdiction

Regulatory Approach

Description

Canada

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Self-Regulation

Canada has a strong system of self-regulatory practices which encourage industry partnerships with government as well as with each other to come up with codes of practice. The Canadian Association of Internet Providers (CAIP) became one of the first industry associations to come up with a code of conduct and this has been leveraged as a template for a number of online-industry designed codes to address various concerns like protection of personal information and protection of consumers of E-commerce.

Japan

Self-Regulation

In the absence of an independent regulatory commission, Japan’s internet industry is another jurisdiction to have embraced self-regulation. Non-governmental, non-profit organisations have been formed, with the support of for profit organisations, to regulate the industry. This includes the Content Evaluation and Monitoring Association and the Internet Content Safety Association

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Australia

Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)

Co-Regulation

Legislative scheme requires ACMA, which is the converged regulator for broadcasting, telecom and the internet, to give the industry an opportunity to develop co-regulatory solutions before other forms of intervention are considered, with the regulator maintaining reserve powers to intervene when co-regulation has not adequately addressed issues of concern.

 

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iWorld

Cheekatilo shines in the dark with record debut on Prime Video

A crime thriller steps out of the shadows as Telugu storytelling claims centre stage.

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MUMBAI: Sometimes, the darkest stories travel the farthest. Prime Video’s latest Telugu original Cheekatilo has done exactly that, clocking a record-breaking launch week and emerging as the most-streamed south original movie on the platform during its debut period.

Premiering worldwide on January 23, the edge-of-the-seat crime suspense trended at the top through its opening weekend and reached viewers across 89 per cent of India’s pin codes, underlining its rare ability to cut across regions, languages and viewing habits. The performance marks a significant milestone for Prime Video’s south originals slate, reflecting the rising national appetite for tightly written, character-driven narratives.

Beyond the numbers, Cheekatilo’s success highlights a broader shift in audience preferences. The strong engagement around the film points to the growing demand for female-led storytelling, with viewers gravitating towards grounded, intense narratives rooted in real-world settings. The film’s national traction reinforces the idea that language is no longer a barrier when the story holds its nerve.

Prime Video India director and head of originals Nikhil Madhok said the response to Cheekatilo reflects the momentum of South Originals and the increasing resonance of bold, genre-driven stories. He noted that the film’s gripping narrative and performances kept audiences hooked from start to finish, strengthening Prime Video’s positioning as a destination for distinctive storytelling with cultural authenticity.

Directed by Sharan Kopishetty and produced by D. Suresh Babu under the Suresh Productions banner, Cheekatilo is written by Chandra Pemmaraju and Kopishetty. The film stars Sobhita Dhulipala as Sandhya, alongside Viswadev Rachakonda, with Chaitanya Visalakshmi, Esha Chawla, Jhansi, Aamani and Vadlamani Srinivas in pivotal roles.

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Set against the urban pulse of Hyderabad, the film adds another strong chapter to Prime Video’s expanding catalogue of south originals. With its launch-week dominance and widespread reach, Cheekatilo proves that when storytelling hits the right note, even the darkest tales can command the brightest spotlight.

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Gaming

Checkmate Goes Digital as Chess Joins Esports Nations Cup 2026

From boards to bytes, chess readies for a nation-first showdown in Riyadh.

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MUMBAI: When pawns meet power plays, the game changes. Chess, the world’s oldest mind sport, is officially stepping deeper into the digital arena after the Esports World Cup Foundation confirmed it as one of 16 titles at the inaugural Esports Nations Cup 2026, set to unfold in Riyadh from 2 to 29 November.

For a game synonymous with quiet halls and ticking clocks, this is a bold move. Chess at ENC 2026 promises scale, spectacle and serious competition, fielding an unprecedented 128 players and opening the board to fresh talent and underrepresented nations as the sport’s esports evolution gathers pace.

The chess competition will run from November 2 to November 8, culminating in a playoff final. The opening phase features 128 players split into 16 round-robin groups of eight, with the top four from each group advancing.

That leaves 64 players battling it out in a single-elimination playoff bracket. Early rounds will be best-of-two, while the quarterfinals onward step up to best-of-four encounters. Deadlocks will be settled via Armageddon tie-breakers, and all matches will be played in a Rapid 10+0 format, designed for speed, tension and drama.

National pride is front and centre. Of the 128 slots, 64 players will receive direct invitations based on Champions Chess Tour rankings, limited to one per nation. Another 56 players will qualify through regional online qualifiers, while eight wildcard spots round out the field.

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Qualifiers will be hosted by Chess.com across seven regions, including Middle East + India + Central Asia, with two qualifier windows in June 2026. Each country can field a maximum of two players, ensuring both depth and diversity across the draw.

Chess already tasted esports stardom at the 2025 Esports World Cup, where 20 nations were represented and the intensity surprised even purists. The event ended with Magnus Carlsen lifting the title for Team Liquid, sealing chess’s credentials as a natural fit for high-stakes digital competition.

India’s top-ranked player Arjun Erigaisi called the experience “unlike any chess tournament I’ve played before”, adding that the energy of the esports stage is drawing new audiences into the game.

For commentators and fans alike, the shift to a nation-based format raises the stakes. Chessbase India co-founder Sagar Shah likened the moment to the excitement of the Chess Olympiad, while grandmaster and broadcaster Tania Sachdev said the national format adds “pride, pressure and passion” that pulls viewers in deeper.

From silent calculation to roaring crowds, chess at the Esports Nations Cup 2026 is less about moving pieces and more about moving perceptions. Checkmate, it seems, has gone fully digital.

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iWorld

Paid panic: how paid posts sparked a child-safety scare in Delhi and Mumbai

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A wave of panic swept through Delhi and Mumbai over the past week as viral social media posts claimed a sudden spike in missing and kidnapped children. The alarm bells proved false. Both cities’ police forces issued categorical denials, pointing fingers at paid promotion and rumour-mongering designed to create public hysteria. The twist: fingers are now pointing at Yash Raj Films, accused of orchestrating the scare as guerrilla marketing for Mardaani 3, its upcoming vigilante thriller about child trafficking.

The episode lays bare a darker truth about India’s social media ecosystem. With smartphone penetration soaring and screen time at record highs, paid promotion tools have become weapons of mass hysteria. A few thousand rupees can boost a post to millions of eyeballs within hours. When that post plays on primal fears like child safety, verification becomes an afterthought. Users share first, question later. The result: manufactured crises that feel real until authorities scramble to debunk them.

Delhi Police took to Instagram 23 hours ago with a blunt message: “After following a few leads, we discovered that the hype around the surge in missing girls in Delhi is being pushed through paid promotion. Creating panic for monetary gains won’t be tolerated, and we’ll take strict action against such individuals.” The post, captioned “Facts matter, Fear doesn’t”, made clear the force’s irritation at being dragged into what it views as a manufactured crisis.

Mumbai Police followed suit, issuing a statement denying claims of kidnappings. “Certain social media handles are misrepresenting data and indulging in rumour-mongering regarding cases of missing and kidnapped children. We categorically deny these claims,” the force wrote. It added that FIRs were being registered against those “deliberately spreading false information and creating public panic.”

The misinformation spread with startling effectiveness. Popular Instagram and Twitter accounts, some with hundreds of thousands of followers, shared alarming statistics and anecdotal reports of vanished children, tagging police handles and demanding action. The posts gained traction quickly, amplified by concerned parents and activists. Only when both police forces traced the origin of the claims did the facade crumble: many of the viral posts were boosted through paid promotion, a telltale sign of coordinated astroturfing rather than organic concern.

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Enter Yash Raj Films, the 50-year-old production house behind the Mardaani franchise. The series, starring Rani Mukerji as a no-nonsense cop battling human trafficking rings, has built its brand on gritty, socially conscious thrillers. Mardaani 3 is in production, and online chatter swiftly connected the dots between the missing persons panic and the film’s subject matter. Accusations flew: had YRF seeded fake stories to drum up buzz for its vigilante cop sequel?

YRF issued a furious rebuttal. “Yash Raj Films is a 50-year-old company founded on the core principles of being highly ethical and transparent,” a spokesperson said. “We strongly deny the accusations floating on social media that Mardaani 3’s promotional campaign has deliberately sensationalised a sensitive issue like this and we have immense trust in our authorities that they will share all facts and truths in due course of time.”

The denial is categorical, but scepticism lingers. Guerrilla marketing, viral hoaxes masquerading as public service announcements, manipulated data: these are not unheard of in Bollywood’s playbook, though rarely deployed on such a sensitive issue. Child safety is a third rail; exploiting it for box office returns crosses a line even by the industry’s elastic ethical standards.

Yet the evidence tying YRF directly to the posts remains circumstantial. No smoking gun links the production house to the paid promotions flagged by police. What is clear is that someone paid to amplify posts about missing children at precisely the moment a film about missing children was in the public eye. Whether that someone was a rogue marketing agency, an overzealous publicist, or a bad actor with no YRF connection remains murky.

The fallout is reputational. YRF, which has cultivated a family-friendly, socially responsible image across five decades, now finds itself defending against accusations of weaponising child safety fears. The Mardaani franchise, built on the premise of protecting the vulnerable, risks being tarred as exploitative. Rani Mukerji, the face of the series, has yet to comment.

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For Delhi and Mumbai police, the episode is a reminder of social media’s double-edged sword. The platforms amplify genuine crises but also manufacture fake ones with alarming ease. Paid promotion tools, designed to help legitimate businesses reach audiences, can just as easily turbocharge hoaxes. Distinguishing signal from noise requires resources and speed that overstretched forces often lack.

India’s social media consumption has exploded. The average urban user now spends over four hours daily on platforms, doom-scrolling through an endless feed of news, gossip and outrage. Algorithms prioritise engagement over accuracy, pushing emotionally charged content to the top. A post about missing children triggers immediate shares; a dry police denial struggles for traction. By the time fact-checkers mobilise, the lie has circled the country thrice.

Paid promotion supercharges this dynamic. For as little as Rs2,000, anyone can boost a post to lakhs of users, targeting specific demographics and geographies. The tools are legitimate, used daily by small businesses and political campaigns. But in the wrong hands, they become misinformation missiles. A fabricated crisis about child kidnappings, amplified by paid reach, looks indistinguishable from organic concern. Users see friends sharing it, assume it must be true, and hit repost. The cascade is self-reinforcing.

The broader pattern is troubling. Misinformation thrives on emotional triggers: fear for children, distrust of institutions, calls to action. A viral post claiming kidnappings demands immediate sharing; verifying it feels like wasted time when lives might be at stake. By the time authorities debunk the claims, the damage is done. Panic has spread, trust in institutions has eroded, and the original purveyors of the hoax have vanished into the digital ether.

This is the new normal. Every week brings a fresh panic: contaminated food, imminent disasters, communal violence rumours. Most prove baseless. Yet each one finds traction because social media rewards speed over truth. The infrastructure designed to connect people now excels at frightening them. Platforms profit from the chaos; advertisers pay for eyeballs regardless of whether the content is fact or fiction. The incentives are perverse, and there is no fix in sight.

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Whether YRF is guilty or merely collateral damage in a misinformation campaign will depend on what authorities uncover in their investigations. The production house insists it has “immense trust” that police will reveal the truth. If that truth exonerates YRF, the studio will still carry the stain of association. If it implicates them, Mardaani 3 will enter cinemas under a cloud that no amount of box office success can dispel.

For now, the message from both police forces is unambiguous: there is no surge in missing children, the panic was engineered, and those responsible will face consequences. Parents can exhale. Social media users might want to pause before hitting share. And Bollywood’s marketers, ethical or otherwise, have been put on notice: weaponising fear for profit will not go unpunished.

A wave of panic swept through Delhi and Mumbai over the past week as viral social media posts claimed a sudden spike in missing and kidnapped children. The alarm bells proved false. Both cities’ police forces issued categorical denials, pointing fingers at paid promotion and rumour-mongering designed to create public hysteria. The twist: fingers are now pointing at Yash Raj Films, accused of orchestrating the scare as guerrilla marketing for Mardaani 3, its upcoming vigilante thriller about child trafficking.

The episode lays bare a darker truth about India’s social media ecosystem. With smartphone penetration soaring and screen time at record highs, paid promotion tools have become weapons of mass hysteria. A few thousand rupees can boost a post to millions of eyeballs within hours. When that post plays on primal fears like child safety, verification becomes an afterthought. Users share first, question later. The result: manufactured crises that feel real until authorities scramble to debunk them.

Delhi Police took to Instagram 23 hours ago with a blunt message: “After following a few leads, we discovered that the hype around the surge in missing girls in Delhi is being pushed through paid promotion. Creating panic for monetary gains won’t be tolerated, and we’ll take strict action against such individuals.” The post, captioned “Facts matter, Fear doesn’t”, made clear the force’s irritation at being dragged into what it views as a manufactured crisis.

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Mumbai Police followed suit, issuing a statement denying claims of kidnappings. “Certain social media handles are misrepresenting data and indulging in rumour-mongering regarding cases of missing and kidnapped children. We categorically deny these claims,” the force wrote. It added that FIRs were being registered against those “deliberately spreading false information and creating public panic.”

The misinformation spread with startling effectiveness. Popular Instagram and Twitter accounts, some with hundreds of thousands of followers, shared alarming statistics and anecdotal reports of vanished children, tagging police handles and demanding action. The posts gained traction quickly, amplified by concerned parents and activists. Only when both police forces traced the origin of the claims did the facade crumble: many of the viral posts were boosted through paid promotion, a telltale sign of coordinated astroturfing rather than organic concern.

Enter Yash Raj Films, the 50-year-old production house behind the Mardaani franchise. The series, starring Rani Mukerji as a no-nonsense cop battling human trafficking rings, has built its brand on gritty, socially conscious thrillers. Mardaani 3 is in production, and online chatter swiftly connected the dots between the missing persons panic and the film’s subject matter. Accusations flew: had YRF seeded fake stories to drum up buzz for its vigilante cop sequel?

YRF issued a furious rebuttal. “Yash Raj Films is a 50-year-old company founded on the core principles of being highly ethical and transparent,” a spokesperson said. “We strongly deny the accusations floating on social media that Mardaani 3’s promotional campaign has deliberately sensationalised a sensitive issue like this and we have immense trust in our authorities that they will share all facts and truths in due course of time.”

The denial is categorical, but scepticism lingers. Guerrilla marketing, viral hoaxes masquerading as public service announcements, manipulated data: these are not unheard of in Bollywood’s playbook, though rarely deployed on such a sensitive issue. Child safety is a third rail; exploiting it for box office returns crosses a line even by the industry’s elastic ethical standards.

Advertisement

Yet the evidence tying YRF directly to the posts remains circumstantial. No smoking gun links the production house to the paid promotions flagged by police. What is clear is that someone paid to amplify posts about missing children at precisely the moment a film about missing children was in the public eye. Whether that someone was a rogue marketing agency, an overzealous publicist, or a bad actor with no YRF connection remains murky.

The fallout is reputational. YRF, which has cultivated a family-friendly, socially responsible image across five decades, now finds itself defending against accusations of weaponising child safety fears. The Mardaani franchise, built on the premise of protecting the vulnerable, risks being tarred as exploitative. Rani Mukerji, the face of the series, has yet to comment.

For Delhi and Mumbai police, the episode is a reminder of social media’s double-edged sword. The platforms amplify genuine crises but also manufacture fake ones with alarming ease. Paid promotion tools, designed to help legitimate businesses reach audiences, can just as easily turbocharge hoaxes. Distinguishing signal from noise requires resources and speed that overstretched forces often lack.

India’s social media consumption has exploded. The average urban user now spends over four hours daily on platforms, doom-scrolling through an endless feed of news, gossip and outrage. Algorithms prioritise engagement over accuracy, pushing emotionally charged content to the top. A post about missing children triggers immediate shares; a dry police denial struggles for traction. By the time fact-checkers mobilise, the lie has circled the country thrice.

Paid promotion supercharges this dynamic. For as little as Rs 2,000, anyone can boost a post to lakhs of users, targeting specific demographics and geographies. The tools are legitimate, used daily by small businesses and political campaigns. But in the wrong hands, they become misinformation missiles. A fabricated crisis about child kidnappings, amplified by paid reach, looks indistinguishable from organic concern. Users see friends sharing it, assume it must be true, and hit repost. The cascade is self-reinforcing.

Advertisement

The broader pattern is troubling. Misinformation thrives on emotional triggers: fear for children, distrust of institutions, calls to action. A viral post claiming kidnappings demands immediate sharing; verifying it feels like wasted time when lives might be at stake. By the time authorities debunk the claims, the damage is done. Panic has spread, trust in institutions has eroded, and the original purveyors of the hoax have vanished into the digital ether.

This is the new normal. Every week brings a fresh panic: contaminated food, imminent disasters, communal violence rumours. Most prove baseless. Yet each one finds traction because social media rewards speed over truth. The infrastructure designed to connect people now excels at frightening them. Platforms profit from the chaos; advertisers pay for eyeballs regardless of whether the content is fact or fiction. The incentives are perverse, and there is no fix in sight.

Whether YRF is guilty or merely collateral damage in a misinformation campaign will depend on what authorities uncover in their investigations. The production house insists it has “immense trust” that police will reveal the truth. If that truth exonerates YRF, the studio will still carry the stain of association. If it implicates them, Mardaani 3 will enter cinemas under a cloud that no amount of box office success can dispel.

For now, the message from both police forces is unambiguous: there is no surge in missing children, the panic was engineered, and those responsible will face consequences. Parents can exhale. Social media users might want to pause before hitting share. And Bollywood’s marketers, ethical or otherwise, have been put on notice: weaponising fear for profit will not go unpunished.
 

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