ITV

Category: Over The Top Services

  • DISNEY+ HOTSTAR COMMISSIONS 234 EPISODES OF COSMOS-MAYA’S SELFIE WITH BAJRANGI

    DISNEY+ HOTSTAR COMMISSIONS 234 EPISODES OF COSMOS-MAYA’S SELFIE WITH BAJRANGI

    India’s largest premium streaming platform Disney+ Hotstar has commissioned an unprecedented 234 episodes of Cosmos-Maya’s hit animated series Selfie With Bajrangi. The multi-season deal will see Cosmos-Maya produce three series of 78 x 11’ episodes for Disney+ Hotstar which has 400 million viewers, eight million paying subscribers and additional library content from Disney+, making it the most prolific OTT platform in India both in terms of subscribers and content.   

    Selfie With Bajrangi, which has been running on Disney India’s Pay TV properties since September 2018, is one of Disney India’s most popular shows with significant reach and is aired daily on primetime slots of India’s Disney Channel and Disney Hungama. It recently became the first Indian animated kids’ series to feature on a leading general entertainment channel via Star Plus.

    Selfie With Bajrangi’s launch on Disney+ Hotstar coincides with Disney+’s launch in India, and the show is being aired in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu languages. 

    Anish Mehta, CEO Cosmos-Maya, said on the development: “Bajrangi has brought together Disney+ Hotstar and Cosmos-Maya for a multi-season contract and we couldn’t be more excited. An unheard of 234 half-hours of the show spread across three seasons will be aired on Disney+ Hotstar, with Season 2 already live on the platform. This is the first highly popular kids’ domestic series that they have onboarded with a two-year vision to further increase its popularity. Selfie With Bajrangi has the ability to speak to audiences with its novel, yet relatable storytelling. It brings to the fore a very important message: that friendships built in the face of adversity last a lifetime.”

    Selfie With Bajrangi is modeled on kids’ day to day lives and beautifully captures the nuances of Indian culture with relatable storylines. In the show, the protagonist Ankush's life changes when he meets Bajrangi, the nine-year-old child version of the Indian God Hanuman in a contemporary setting, who no one but Ankush can see. Bajrangi accompanies Ankush everywhere and helps his buddy with his day to day problems. Together, they face the adversities life throws at them, in the process helping entertain and comfort the millions of kids who watch the show.

    Cosmos-Maya is Asia’s leading kids’ animation studio with 18 series on air globally and a 60% domestic market share in India.

  • Big growth in viewing in India led by originals: Netflix’s Ted Sarandos

    Big growth in viewing in India led by originals: Netflix’s Ted Sarandos

    MUMBAI: Last year, Netflix rolled out a mobile-only plan in India to suit the country's preference for smartphones over laptops. Moreover, it was a way to delve deeper into a market where its basic Rs-500-a-month subscription plan was sharply expensive compared to homegrown OTT giants. The bet got the success it hoped for and Netflix followed the footprint in other markets as well. After nearly a year, the streaming service seems satisfied in the uptake of mobile-only plans as well as its overall growth here.

    “It's a plan (mobile-only plan) that we've tested for a while and we have rolled it out now in a bunch of countries: India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. And it's consistent with the broad theme and goal that we have which is why we're seeking effective ways to make the Netflix service more accessible to more and more people around the world,” Netflix chief product officer Greg Peters said in an earnings call.

    This strategy has helped Netflix witness a significant increase in acceleration and addition of new members. From a revenue perspective, it's also helping the company go from "neutral to positive", which Peters says will be good in the long term for the business.

    While all streaming players have witnessed magical growth in users during this COVID-19 lockdown, everyone is keen to know about Netflix’s growth in the period. Peters said he would not draw any strong contrast between India and other countries around the world. He mentioned that it is putting high effort to make the offering more competitive and attractive to members.

    “We've seen a big growth in viewing in India and have had great success for our local originals. Most recently was She andGuilty and a few others have been driving a lot of engagement in local content on our India service and they also are big fans of our global original content like Lacasa de Papel. So we're growing the business of licensed originals, international and domestic, across the board,” Netflix chief content officer Ted Sarandos said.

  • Netflix adds whopping 15.77 mn subscribers during lockdown, warns of future growth decline

    Netflix adds whopping 15.77 mn subscribers during lockdown, warns of future growth decline

    MUMBAI: Netflix has brought good news for its investors with a high jump in subscriber growth. The streaming service added a net 15.77 million paid streaming customers in the first quarter of 2020, much higher than the previous guidance, due to the worldwide lockdown. However, it has also warned of a decline in viewing and growth further down the road as governments will lift the home confinement orders with progress against COVID-19.

    “Our internal forecast and guidance is for 7.5 million global paid net additions in Q2. Given the uncertainty on home confinement timing, this is mostly guesswork. The actual Q2 numbers could end up well below or well above that, depending on many factors including when people can go back to their social lives in various countries and how much people take a break from television after the lockdown,” the company stated in a letter to its shareholders.

    “Some of the lockdown growth will turn out to be pull-forward from the multi-year organic growth trend, resulting in slower growth after the lockdown is lifted country-by-country. Intuitively, the person who didn’t join Netflix during the entire confinement is not likely to join soon after the confinement,” it added.

    Netflix founder-CEO Reed Hastings later said in an earnings call that the long-term implication is still tough to predict as the world is grappling with uncertainty. But he also added that they are certain about "internet entertainment's" growth in people's lives and it will be gradually more important in the next five years.

    In its first quarter report, the streaming service reported revenue along the line of guidance despite nearly double growth of subscribers as sharp rise in dollar has offset international revenue. The revenue for the quarter was at $5.77 billion, while net income stood at $709 million with EPS of $1.57. 

    As it has paused most of its productions across the world in response to the crisis, the impact will be less cash spending this year as some content projects are pushed out. This will shift out some cash spending on content to future years. Netflix hopes this dynamic may result in more lumpiness in its path to sustained free cash flow profitability. 

    “The one thing that's not widely understood is that we work really far out, relative to the industry, because we launch our shows all see all episodes at once, and we're working far out all over the world. So our 2020 slate of series and films are largely shot, and we are in post production remotely in locations all over the world. So, and we're actually pretty deep into our 2021 slate. So we're not anticipating big moving things around,” Netflix chief content officer Ted Sarandos commented in an earnings call on the production stoppage’s impact on Netflix.

    However, the streaming giant remains equally uncertain about when production will resume. But it has emphasised that it will look for the ability to test for the virus, work with production partners and local governments. It will also try to learn from its current experiences in Iceland and South Korea where productions are still on and will apply the same to other geographies, as Sarandos shared.

  • Neestream bets big on Malayali diaspora

    Neestream bets big on Malayali diaspora

    MUMBAI: Neestream, a streaming platform targeted at the Malayalam-speaking population across the globe, was launched earlier this month. The premium service is limited to the US and Canada, with a basic version available in Kerala. But it will soon be available across the world. The OTT platform seeks to reach the Malayali diaspora across the world. It hopes to accomplish that by the end of 2021, says Neestream Chairman Dr Javad K Hassan during an interaction with Indiantelevision.com.

    Neestream, owned by Virginia-based conglomerate JKH Holding Co, bets big on the Malayalam-speaking diaspora spread all over the world. According to the chairman, as much as 20 per cent of the Malayali population lives outside of Kerala, which is a captive market that can be tapped. “Apart from an occasional movie based on an NRI in the United States or Gulf, there is not enough content on this important demography. We want to address that,” he says.

    Going forward, it plans to launch more regional OTT platforms. Asked when the full version will be made available, Javad said, “We hope to make that call in the near future. Right now, because of Covid-19, our expansion plans are on hold. Our basic package is available in Kerala and other parts of the world.”

    In a market flooded with OTT platforms of various kinds, what prompted it to launch a Malayalam streaming service? “A lot of factors were instrumental in us focusing on Malayalam,” he says. “The Indian OTT market is very crowded, with the presence of major international players such as Netflix and Amazon, and Indian heavyweights such as Hotstar. Many of these companies already have presence in the Malayalam market, but only in a limited way. While all these streaming services have solid Malayalam content, their primary focus is elsewhere.”

    “Kerala has a huge diaspora, which, our studies have shown, consumes a lot of Malayalam news and entertainment content on a regular basis. It’s also a market very familiar to us, with most of our leadership having close ties to Kerala. In fact, our technology base is in Kochi, the commercial capital of Kerala,” he adds.

    The company has ambitious future plans in the streaming segment. They include plans to launch similar streaming services in other regional languages.

    “We do have long-term plans to enter other regional languages, but not at this point. Right now, our focus is to grow Neestream in the North American market and then globally,” he informed.

    The future plans include platforms focused on current affairs. In the second half of the year, it will be launching a companion current affairs platform in English, targeting the Indian diaspora in North America. Another platform for the global Indian diaspora is also in the pipeline. Both will be more current affairs-heavy than news and entertainment.

    With regard to the sourcing of content, Neestream has a multipronged approach for sourcing content. “We have acquired a lot of third-party content and are still doing it. We have also launched a modest production setup, which we plan to grow gradually. In the long run, we will also focus on unearthing talent and creators in Kerala and from within the global Malayalee diaspora.”

    Neestream has a number of shows in the pipeline, including a lot of content on and from the diaspora.

    Neestream follows a mixed content strategy, comprising a mixed bag of original and the old evergreen content. “It is a mix of originals and existing content. The experiences of all OTT players show that while originals are the key to the kingdom, evergreen content from the past is also very popular among viewers. We will be acquiring a fair deal of existing content. At the moment, we are in talks with a number of producers and content creators in Malayalam,” he explains.

    The streaming platform has adopted a robust marketing plan, combining both offline and online campaigns. “We are also planning a number of events, including concerts and entertainment events, as part of our marketing campaign. At the moment, most of the offline campaigns are halted as a result of the Covid-19 lockdown. But we are continuing online campaigns, which are delivering great results,” he says.

  • Punjab Kesari joins VMate to cater real-time verified COVID-19 information

    Punjab Kesari joins VMate to cater real-time verified COVID-19 information

    MUMBAI: After roping in doctors and furnishing World Health Organization (WHO)-sourced information in an interactive format, trending short video app VMate has now upped the ante against COVID-19 aka Coronavirus pandemic by onboarding some reputed media houses and journalists on the platform. VMate, among the most downloaded social media apps globally, has now collaborated with Hindi-language newspaper Punjab Kesari to provide its users relevant information related to the pandemic. The publication has launched an official profile on the app through which it disseminates news through short videos.

    Punjab Kesari’s profile on the app shares news items from different parts, especially the northern belt, of the country. The major focus of the videos is on Coronavirus-related news, such as latest information about the spread of the virus, situation of migrants stranded due to lockdown and steps being taken by governments and authorities.

    VMate Associate Director Nisha Pokhriyal said, “We at VMate have been striving to cater authentic and relevant information to our users in the wake of the novel virus outbreak. We are looking for more such publications to come onboard the platform to ensure users get real time information through verified sources.”

    Echoing the sentiments, Punjab Kesari spokesperson and Head of Digital Ad Operations, Vijayender Singh, said, “VMate has an extensive reach in the rural belt and is rightly called 'Rural India' s TikTok'. This association will enable dissemination of information among millions who use the short video app.”

    Apart from the publication, a few journalists too have been using VMate to disseminate ground report related to Covid-19 and its impact. Arvind Pareek, a journalist from Chhapar in Churu district of Rajasthan, has been using VMate to report on Coronavirus impact in the state, which is among the worst hit. In his videos on the app, Arvind has interviewed several police officials and sanitation workers. Another similar profile on the app is that of Sunny Sharma, a journalist from Haryana’s Rohtak district. Most of the videos shared by the scribe comprise interviews with migrant workers who are stranded due to the lockdown and scrambling for essentials and police personnel who are on the road performing their duties.

    Since the outbreak of the pandemic, VMate has taken a number of steps to aid the efforts being undertaken to tackle the situation. Apart from onboarding medical professionals and launching ‘Myth Buster’, the app also launched a #21DaysChallenge wherein it encouraged people to spend the lockdown time at homes in a creative and entertaining manner. A VMate Corona Anthem was also launched, which talked about the Dos and Don’ts and asserted that the novel virus would soon be gone from India. Celebrities like dancing sensation Sapna Chaudhary too supported the cause by performing on the anthem. Besides, users of the short video app also shared videos to showcase how rural India was coping with the situation. A few of them shared videos of them distributing food among the underprivileged. With these attempts, VMate has demonstrated that the right use of technology can always bolster the cause of mankind against an unprecedented crisis.

  • OML’s The Circuit #SitDown Comedy Festival goes digital with Paytm Insider

    OML’s The Circuit #SitDown Comedy Festival goes digital with Paytm Insider

    MUMBAI: Tickets to OML’s multi-genre comedy festival The Circuit #SitDown Comedy Festival went live with tickets on Paytm Insider yesterday. The festival due to begin in March was called off pre-emptively after the COVID-19 outbreak in India. The festival is now back on in its digital avatar with Paytm Insider powering a seamless experience for the organisers, artists and fans.

    Paytm Insider recently announced a roll-out of new features to enable organisers to publish tickets and manage their event online. The platform currently supports Zoom-based event publishing. Customers who purchase tickets get their event access details on the ticket and a reminder when the show is about to go live. This will be the first digital comedy festival of its kind using the platform’s capabilities.

    Simply having the ability to perform for a “live” audience changes the experience for the artist. Paytm Insider which ticketed over 6,000 comedy shows in 2019-20 understands and values this.

    Paytm Insider CEO Shreyas Srinivasan says: “We went back to the roots of what makes an event special – for an artist and for a fan. Paytm Insider is bridging the distance between the two when events are being run digitally. With our new event self-publishing features, we enable artists and organisers to once again count on ticketing revenue.”

    Starting this week, Paytm Insider will also run contests to provide erstwhile IRL “meet and greet” experiences for fans, this time over video. The Circuit Comedy Festival will be on from April 22 – 26, bringing some of the best and new comedy talent straight to your screens, in fresh interactive formats.

  • ZEE5 India appoints Rajeev Dhal as chief revenue officer

    ZEE5 India appoints Rajeev Dhal as chief revenue officer

    MUMBAI: ZEE5, the digital entertainment destination launched by Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited (ZEEL), has appointed Rajeev Dhal as chief revenue officer in order to bolster its advertising sales and operations vertical.

    Rajeev will succeed Taranjeet Singh who was a key member in setting up the advertisement revenue stream and played an instrumental role in framing the architecture of the industry-first Ad Stack. During his tenure, he has helped build and drive the sales and sales support teams of ZEE5 India.

    In this role, Rajeev will report to ZEE5 India CEO Tarun Katial. This appointment demonstrates company’s commitment to invest in its leadership talent to foster continued growth, especially in the realm of digital revenue.

    ZEE5 India CEO Tarun Katial, said: “The strength of our business and the momentum experienced in the last two years of our existence have made us a leader in the video streaming space. From delivering bespoke content in 12 Indian languages to being available across the spectrum of devices to launching new product offerings within the ZEE5 app, we have truly made ourselves ubiquitous and consumer’s go-to entertainment super-app. With Rajeev’s appointment, we are confident that with his extensive amount of experience and his inclusive leadership skills, he will be able to guide the Ad Sales and Operations function to the next stage of our growth in India, and we’re excited to have him on the team.”

    He further added, “In Taranjeet, we had a man with undying passion to contribute to the overall ad sales business and simultaneously, adding value to the brands which were advertising on our platform. His relentless efforts in putting together the ad-suite model, an industry-first, have encouraged brands to leverage the massive reach of our platform to reach out to audiences across the country. On behalf of the entire team at ZEE5, I thank him for his valuable contribution and wish him all the best.”

    Rajeev has worked in the leadership position across a wide range of media and consumer internet companies in his career spanning more than two decades. Most recently, he was responsible for the revenue function at “SHAREit” – world’s largest p2p content sharing app.

    As the CRO of “SHAREit” he has established teams and revenue across India, South East Asia, Middle East and Africa. Prior to that, he was heading monetization at “Dailyhunt” where besides establishing a strong revenue function he has also built awareness and demand for Indic language advertising across all leading brands and agencies. In the last 13 years he has led four start-ups from scratch to scalable revenue models.

    In his new role, Rajeev will be responsible for achieving and delivering the revenue growth through Advertising Sales and Operations for ZEE5 India.

    He is an alumnus of MICA, Ahmedabad in communication and media studies.

  • Moneycontrol Pro completes a year, to offer enhanced value to subscribers

    Moneycontrol Pro completes a year, to offer enhanced value to subscribers

    MUMBAI: Moneycontrol Pro, a subscription-based financial service by moneycontrol, seeks to enhance best-in-class services and strengthen its objective of providing reliable, well-researched, and incisive financial information along with insightful analyses to its users.

    Moneycontrol, a part of Network18 Group, completes a year this April. The platform has successfully emerged as one of the fastest-growing subscription products in the digital business and finance segment, attaining more than 1,60,000 subscribers in a short span of time.

    Network18 president – digital & corporate strategy Puneet Singhvi says, “Leading with insights, deep understanding of the space, rapid product enhancements, access to leading industry experts and a penchant to go beyond the obvious, Moneycontrol Pro has emerged as the preferred financial news, data and analysis platform in the industry.”

    Since its inception, Moneycontrol Pro has strived to cater to its users through a slew of premium services that include seamless access to technical analysis, trading ideas from hand-picked team of experts, a daily comprehensive newsletter and a detailed weekly wrap that makes sense of the biggest financial events.

    In addition, it also offers an ad-free experience on app and desktop along with value-added incentives; for instance, ‘GuruSpeak’ brings the distilled wisdom of successful professionals in the markets while ‘Personal Finance’ section addresses investor’s questions about mutual funds and asset allocations.

    Moneycontrol business head, B2C revenues Manoj Nagpal says, “Moneycontrol Pro has been constantly evolving and adapting to the changing times by expanding its scope of offerings and services that explore innovative and unique avenues. Some of our pioneering offerings include the ‘Learn’ series where we have laid bare investment principles, styles and financial ratios that help the users to form informed opinions about companies and stocks on their own.”

    “Our opinion pieces analyse the economic environment and policy actions, enabling them with a clearer idea of the broader context in which businesses operate while our technical analysts identify the short-term trades that may prove to be beneficial for investors. Over the past year, it has led us to become the most preferred destination for our users and we are certain that we will continue in our endeavour for the times to come,” Nagpal adds.

    In the wake of the coronavirus scare, the platform supported investors by identifying early warnings and analyses of the outbreak and its impact on key sectors. It has continually provided its readers with a balanced analysis of where markets could bottom and how they can restructure a bleeding portfolio to make the market alterations advantageous.

    Moneycontrol Pro, on its anniversary, will issue a series of articles chronicling its journey to the top that captures its varied pioneering features, an ode to its dedicated and diligent team of researchers, and its comprehensive reportage of the global economy. The platform has also introduced a range of exciting exclusive benefits for the existing and potential PRO users for a limited period.

  • Will COVID-19 help Netflix repeat 2019 subscriber gains?

    Will COVID-19 help Netflix repeat 2019 subscriber gains?

    MUMBAI: As Netflix is about to unveil its all-important quarterly results amid expectations that the ongoing pandemic will boost subscriptions, Futuresource Consulting reflects on 2019 as being its best ever year for net subscriber additions (net adds), highlighting countries which are showing significant momentum.

    Netflix gained nearly 28 million subscribers in 2019, driven by many countries which saw the highest yearly net adds since the service launched, indicating that they remain in an accelerating phase of growth. In Germany, Futuresource estimate there was an additional 2 million net sign ups, as Netflix continues to challenge incumbent Amazon Prime Video for the top spot.

    Japan grew by 1.7 million subscribers, significantly beating its previous highest additions. South Korea increased by 1.5 million, double the net adds of the year before, and we also saw Italy, Spain and India, among others, all posting their best year yet.

    With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic shows no signs of abating, increasing the quantity of leisure time spent indoors, Futuresource expects to see Netflix’s next quarterly reporting to indicate how its library of fresh content, provided at good value for money, has driven strong uptake of both new and returning subscribers.

    What is impressive is that many of these countries, particularly Japan, South Korea and Germany have had a relatively long gestation period, during which the global streaming giant experimented with the content length, type and format which appealed most. Subscriber net adds growth reaching the highest level to date is typically indicative of key shows resonating with the audience and therefore becoming topics of discussion within society.

    It is this word-of-mouth and social media traction which inspires new consumers to sign up in order to “see what all the fuss is about”. This therefore creates a self-fulfilling prophecy, generating ever more attention and therefore translating to impressive growth figures, as we saw in 2019.

    Further subscriber growth has come from partnering with telcos and pay-TV operators. Combined billing and allowing consumers to remain within a Pay-TV user interface has added more access points to a growing list of connected devices and TVs it’s available on. Moreover, some operators such as Sky have taken this arrangement to a new level and provided slick integration of Netflix’s content into a carousel along with other premium third-party content, such as hit HBO shows.

    Furthermore, even within established markets such as Brazil, the UK, France, Australia and the Nordics, subscriber growth has continued, which highlights the broad appeal Netflix has. Once it has attracted subscribers, the voluminous content throughout and high quality of said content helps it maintain subscription growth. The UK for example saw subscriptions increase by 2 million in 2019, equal to its previous best ever year just one year prior, but arguably more impressive since it is now taken in 40 per cent of UK households.

    Country by country, Netflix continues to localise and work out what resonates with consumers. The continued momentum in Netflix subscriptions is now also against a backdrop of an increasingly dynamic and diverse competitive landscape. However, the high-profile new service launches are at least in the short term, complementary. In its key countries, Netflix remains the staple service, with the vast majority of SVoD households choosing to subscribe. As we head beyond the lockdown, the key objective won’t just be how many subscribers Netflix adds, but also how it will continue to retain existing subscribers.

  • Eros International to up its game in Chinese market & digital biz post STX merger

    Eros International to up its game in Chinese market & digital biz post STX merger

    MUMBAI: At a time when production houses across the world are grappling with losses, Eros International (Eros) has announced a merger with US-based STX Entertainment (STX) under a stock-for-stock agreement. In a rare deal, two content houses from Bollywood and Hollywood have joined hands aimed at serving a larger geographical footprint including the US, China and the Indian markets. While both the organisations had difficulties in the recent past, the deal may bring some relief thanks to their complementary nature. Eros International’s digital arm, Eros Now, is also positioned to benefit amidst the raging OTT war.

    Although the timing of the deal may look odd, the talks began nearly six months ago. Eros International India CEO Pradeep Dwivedi terms the deal with STX Entertainment as a strategic fit.

    In the interview with Indiantelevision.com, he dwells at length on the global content powerhouse the post-merger combined entity is set to create.

    “What we really want to do is to take the best of Hollywood and Bollywood, combine these stories and create a big third leg in China. And the China leg is not just about distribution, it is actually about creation of content, leveraging the Chinese talent on the acting side, directing, photography, VFX, production, post production, music, sound, everything. So there's just tons of activity that is going to happen in China as a consequence of this merger, partly because some of our investors do have Chinese origins coming from Hong Kong,” Dwivedi explains the rationale.

    He also explains the complementary nature of the two entities making it a win-win deal. While STX has Tencent and Alibaba films as partners on the production side, Eros has a huge distribution model in China including partnerships with Shanghai Film Corporation and China Film Distribution Corporation.

    “So at the base level, STX continues to make some movies for the US market, Eros continues to make movies for the Indian market, which becomes almost 60- 70 per cent of our production output. About 20-25 per cent production output will be Indo-US collaboration that Adam Fogelson and I will jointly collaborate and work out as to what we want to do on that. Then there is another 10 per cent layer on top of that which will be all the Chinese movies that we want to make,” he adds.

    Moreover, STX does not have an OTT play but will be able to leverage Eros’s existing OTT play. Until now, the former has been selling some content to a few platforms like Amazon and Netflix.

    The advantage of the deal is that it allows deciding whatever STX content is getting produced afresh will be on Eros Now or be offered to other platforms. The content can be monetised through Eros Now’s subscriber base first and will also help to increase the subscriber base. On the other hand, the content can be monetised from outside deals as well. “That's really one of the advantages that we have on the OTT side coming from this merger,” he highlights.

    “If you look at just the sheer size of the markets that we're addressing with the joint venture, today India already has around 140 crore people. America has another population of 38 crore roughly, and then you add China’s 140 crore on top of that. So what we are ending up with is close to 300 crore of people in the world, which is the potential market between these three countries alone, and I'm not counting other markets like Europe. It's essentially half the population of the world which typically will be covered by the footprint of what we are doing right now,” he points out.

    Dwivedi also assures that there will not be any significant impact on manpower. Manpower costs as well as percentage of overall cost base are not outside the industry. While the combined company is expected to generate approximately $50 million in run-rate operating synergies, he says it will come largely on account of financing integrations and process integration.